Burke Litwin 1992 Essay Example for Free

Burke Litwin 1992 Essay Change is depicted in terms of both process and content, with particular emphasis on transformational as compared with transactional factors. Transformational change occurs as a response to the external environment and directly affects organizational mission and strategy, the organiz. ations leadership, atid culture, lit ttirn, tfie transactional factors are affected—strtictute. systems, management practices, and climate. These transformational and transactional factors together affect motivation, which, in turn, affects peifornumce. In support of the models potential validity, theory and research as wellaspraetke are cited. Orgatiization change is a kind of chaos (Gleick. 1987). The number of variables changing at the same lime, the magnitude of environmental change, and the frequent resistance of human systetns cteate a whole confluence of ptocesses that are extremely difficult to predict and almost impossible to control. Nevertheless, there are consistent patterns that exist—linkages among classes of events that have been demonstrated repeatedly in the research literature and can be seen in actual organizations. The enormous and pervasive impact of culture and beliefs— to the point where it causes organizations to do fundamentally unsound things ftom a business point of view^would be such an observed phenotnenon. To build a most likely model describing the causes of organizational performance and change, we must explore two important lines of thinking. First, we must understand more thoroughly how organizations function (i. e. , what leads to what). Second, given our tiiodel of causation, we must understand how organizations might be deliberately changed. The linkage typically is in the direction of theory and research to practice: that is. to ground our consultation in what is known, what is theoretically and empirically sound. Creation of the tnodel to be presented in this article was not quite in that knowledge-to-practice direction, however. With respect to theory, we sttongly believe in the open system framework, especially represented by Katz and Kahn (1978). Thus, any organizational model that we might develop would stem from an input-throughput-output, with a feedback loop, format. The tnodei presented hete is definitely of that genre. In other wotds. the fundamental framework for the model evolved from theory. The components of the model and what causes what and in what order, on the other hand, have evolved frotn our practice. To risk stating what is often not politic to admit in academic circles, we admit that the ultimate development of our causal model evolved from practice, not extensive theory or tesearch. What we are attempting with this article, therefore, is a theoretical and empirical justification of what we clearly believe works. To be candid, we acknowledge that our attempt is not unlike attribution theory—we are explaining our beliefs and actions ex post facto: This seemed to have worked; I wonder if the literature supports our action. Our consulting efforts over a period of about 5 years with British Airways taught us a lot^—what changes seemed to have worked and what activities clearly did not. It was from these experiences that our model took form. As a case example, we refer to the work at British Airways later in this article. For a more recent overview of that change effort, . see Goodstein and Burke (1991).

Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird Essay -- Racism Race Kill Mockingbi

Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird The United States has been dealing with the issue of racism ever since Columbus landed on Plymouth Rock. The Indians were the first to endure harsh racism in this country. Pilgrims moving west ran them off their land wiping out many tribes and destroying many resources in their path. However, when many think of racism today, the issue of blacks and whites is the first to come to mind. African Americans have come a long way in today’s society as compared to the society their ancestors had to overcome. But just as far as we have come, there is still a long way we must go. Harper Lee, author of To Kill A Mockingbird, clearly depicts racism and what it was like in the nineteen-thirties through the trial of Tom Robinson and the only white man that supports him, Atticus Finch. The whole town of Mycomb becomes overwhelmed by a crime that a poor, â€Å"white trash† young woman named Mayella Ewell, accuses Tom Robinson, a black field laborer, of committing. This is very similar to the case of the Scottsboro Boys where nine black men were also wrongfully accused of a crime only because of the color of their skin. The fictional story, To Kill A Mockingbird, seems to depict actual events that happened throughout the nineteen-thirties in the south, during a time when whites dominated the legal system and blacks had no rights. The nineteen-thirties was a time of great hardship for many Americans in the south and around the country. The great depression was in full effect and was especially hard on those Americans who were involved in agriculture. The south played host to a higher degree of segregation than any other region of the country at this time. Many states and cities reinforced segregat... ...as usually taken care of outside of the courtroom, left dangling from a tree or beaten to death by angry mobs. â€Å"White Justice,† was the only thing that mattered to the white southerners during the nineteen-thirties. And that was the only thing that the blacks would get. Works Cited Braziel, Jana. History of Lynching in the United States. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. New York: Warner Books, 1982. Linder, Douglas. The Trials of â€Å"The Scottsboro Boys.† http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scottsboro/SB_acct.html Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site Interpretive Staff. â€Å"Jim Crow† Laws.† January 5, 1998. http://www.nps.gov/malu/documents/jim_crow_laws.htm. Stewart E. Tolnay and E.M. Beck, A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930.

Landscape with St. John on Patmos

Rizza1 The piece of work that I really admired and found myself starring at much longer than the others that was made between 1450 to 1750 was, Nicolas Poussin’s, Landscape with St. John on Patmos. Knowing from my past art history research and education, Nicolas Poussin is considered to be one of the most influential French artists of his era, with this painting being a great example of why he can take that honor. This painting is an example of a new style of thoroughly set and highly idealized classical landscape.The painting is 39(1//2) by 53(5/8) inches, using oil paints on canvas and was created in the year 1640. When one first looks at the painting as it hangs on the wall, they would see a man, Saint John, that appears to be writing on some type of paper sitting at the foreground of the painting in bright yellow and red clothing. The reason that the audience can tell this man is St. John is because the eagle that sits beside him, which is the symbol of the Saint John evan gelist, and also the halo that hovers over the head of the man in the painting is a good indicator.As Saint John sits on the ground, he has a sheet of paper in his hands as well as some sheets lying next to him on the ground. The reason that you can tell that he is writing something and not just reading it is because although it maybe small, on the ground next to him is a pen and some ink that look as though they have been use. With the way that Poussin painted Saint John sitting and the features on his face it almost feels as if Saint John was in a deep thought or puzzled on what to write.Although many people describe this scene to be a very violent and emotional scene Poussin does a great job making the scene look calm and very peaceful to its audence. As you move throughout the scene you will notice that ruins of buildings surround man, to his left, right and even in the middle ground. To the right and left of Rizza2 Saint John the ruins are not full buildings but just little pie ce that looks as though they have broken off the building.Also another ruin sitting next to Saint John is what looks like to be a pillar or base of a building that use to be where he is sitting in the painting. The colors of these elements are very dull and look almost dead like sitting next to the very colorful Saint John. As your eye travels to the back of the painting, you will see some more ruins that Poussin has put into the scene. In the middle ground of the painting you will see what appears to resemble an old classic roman temple sitting next and large pillar that looks as if it could be an Egyptian novelist.Although that Poussin was a French artist, he did spend the majority of his life in Roman, hence where he got the inspiration for the temple in the background. The reason that many feel that Poussin is one of the most influential artist of this time is not because of what he paints but it’s the technique that he uses within the painting. The style that he uses in this painting, as well as others he has produced, is the style that many artists will try to replicate and will become to be known as the classical landscape.As your eye travels through the painting, notice how every element and structure has a sense of order and purpose. With your eyes trying to go on a journey through the painting Poussin gives you a path to take. What that means is as you move away from the foreground and passed Saint John your eyes almost want to move straight the objects in the middle ground but with the way Poussin painted he created a path to take your eyes there. With each part of the landscape giving you more to explore and look at. Rizza3 This painting, Landscape with St.John on Patmos by Nicolas Poussin is highly idealized as classical landscape. The reason that this landscape is more influential then other landscapes of this time is because of the technique and style Poussin used well developing this piece of work. With using shadows in the foreground an d background, creating a path for your eye to follow, and using the size of the objects, Poussin created a great piece of work and will go down in the history books as the beginning of the classical landscape. Nicholas Rizza February 5, 2013 Art History 111 Andrew Dribin Word count: 796

Physical And Mental Health An Essential Part Of A Person...

Daily counseling with clinical psychologists helps a wide range of people globally with problems and issues in life. Some people develop particular emotional and mental health problems such as schizophrenia and depression, and that leads to the loss of productivity and efficiency of daily life. With the help of psychologist, people can improve their mental health conditions that will benefit the occupation of the individual and their personal life issues. By providing care and therapy, psychologists ensure that people with mental illnesses can cope with daily life situations effectively. Many challenges people face in the modern world stem from human behavior, thus psychological knowledge can help find solutions to overcome these obstacles by studying the various aspects of the human mind. Mental health is an essential part of a person’s overall health, and it has a complex interactive relationship with physical and mental issues that affects a person s ability to succeed in s chool, work, and society. Physical and mental issues can be helped with psychological care or counseling. Mental illness is shaped by the cultural and interpersonal contexts. As people progress in school or work, they will develop some sort of stress or health issue that will conflict with productivity and will sabotage their occupation and personal lives. The Employee Assistance Program (EAP) is designed to help employees and skilled corporate risk managers receive the mental health servicesShow MoreRelatedDoes Physical Activity Affect Scholastic Performance? Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pages2016 Does Physical Activity Affect Scholastic Performance? As time goes on, physical activity is becoming an average person’s second priority. The rise of technology allows people to do many everyday tasks within their own home. The ability to get almost anything delivered straight to a person’s house with a push of a button promotes an inactive lifestyle. While this can be seen as progressive in a technological standpoint, it completely disregards humankind’s need to perform physical activity. DueRead MoreOptimizing the Later Years of Life800 Words   |  4 Pagessatisfaction. Unfortunately, when one nears the age of 30, their physical and mental capabilities begin to decline. However, luckily, this process can be detained. In the book â€Å"Successful Aging,† John Rowe, M.D. and Robert Kahn describe how to optimize our life to avoid hitting this â€Å"breaking point† in our life, and stay as healthy as possible. They emphasize that if one avoids diseases and disabilities, participates in physical and men tal exercise, and social interaction, then they will see noticeableRead MoreWho Is Quality Of Life? Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesWHO Quality of Life Overview of the WHO Quality of Life The World Health Organization defines quality of life as a person’s perceptions of their position in life in the setting of the culture and value systems in which they live in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns (Krageloh et al., 2011). The WHOQOL-100 was developed by the World Health Organization composed of many different doctors and other healthcare providers in order to develop an assessment that could be usedRead MoreHuman Health And Coping Styles Of Migrant And Non Migrant Women1423 Words   |  6 PagesMigration is a complex phenomena in which a person is moved forcibly from his home to some remote place leading to unprecedented changes in his physical and mental health. The present study was aimed to assess the mental health and coping styles of migrant and non-migrant women in Jammu and Kashmir. The total sample for the study consists of (440) women out of which (220) women belongs to Kashmiri migrant from Jammu region (Kashmiri Pandit wome n migrated to Jammu due to terrorism) and (220) NonRead MoreLaughter Is An Essential Part Of Life1370 Words   |  6 Pagesfigured out that it not only makes a person feel good but that it actually has medicinal qualities. The Webster-Merriam dictionary defines medicine as â€Å"The science and art dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention, alleviation, or cure of disease† (â€Å"Medicine†). The definition of â€Å"medicine† creates a large gray area in which many items can fall into this category. Therefore, laughing falls into this category as a medicine. Laughter is an essential part of life and has been linked to promoteRead MoreA Research Study On Health1139 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy, talks about a young person who have been admitted to the mental health unit, who is experiencing a serious stress and anxiety. The context in which an individual lives is of great importance on health status and quality of life. Health is maintained and improved through the advancement and application of health science and through the efforts and suitable lifestyle choices of the individual. According to the World Health Organisation, the main determinants of health include the social and economicRead MoreMental Stigma, Media Misrepresentation And The False Branding Of The Lgbt Community1529 Words   |  7 PagesMental health issues affect society in many ways, such as identification, treatment, and overall understanding; as a result of this they have been mocked and dismissed for most of history. This paper is a thorough investigation into the long, tumultuous history of mental illnesses. The history of mental stigma, media misrepresentation and the false branding of the LGBT+ community will be explored. In addition, this paper goes into detail about the horrific past of the treatment of mental patientsRea d MoreHolistic Medicine, Therapeutic Massage And Dietary Recommendations Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesHolistic medicine is defined in different ways. Overall, it emphases on how the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual fundamentals of a person are connected to maintain health. As soon as one part is not functioning well, it is believed to affect the whole person. Holistic methods focus on the whole person rather than just on the illness or part of the body that is not healthy. In an holistic method to treatment, there is the belief that our health not only depends on what is going on in our bodyRead MoreThe Effects Of Ptsd On The Body1112 Words   |  5 PagesWhen a person gets cut severe enough in the flesh, it leaves a scar. The scar is a permanent reminder of the circumstances surrounds the initial formation of the wound. Not all injuries are physical. Some are emotional, and they can also be mental. The effects of the trauma can be on the body or the mind. It all leaves a reminder as to what happened and how you felt when it happened. These physical or psychological/physical traumas can cause stress however with work and time will be able to overcomeRead MoreHospitals And The Health Care System1248 Words   |  5 PagesHospitals play an essential role when it pertains to our health care system. Hospitals are health care organizations that have a structured and well organized medical and professional employees, inpatient facilities, deliver medical, n ursing and correlated services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Hospitals offer an approach that has a wide range of acute, recuperating and terminal care utilizing diagnostic and healing services. These medical services are utilized when a patient has acute and chronic